Geography Class 12 Syllabus
Exam Structure
| Part / Unit | Chapter | Marks |
| A | Fundamentals of Human Geography | 35 |
| Unit 1 | Human Geography | |
| Unit 2 | People | |
| Unit 3 | Human Activities | |
| Unit 4 | Transport, Communication and Trade | |
| Unit 5 | Human settlements | |
| Map Work | 5 | |
| B | India: People and Economy | 35 |
| Unit 6 | People | |
| Unit 7 | Human Settlements | |
| Unit 8 | Resources and Development | |
| Unit 9 | Transport, Communication and International Trade | |
| Unit 10 | Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems | |
| Map Work | 5 | |
| C | Practical Work | 30 |
| Unit 1 | Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping | 15 |
| Unit 2 | Field study or Spatial Information Technology | 10 |
| Unit 3 | Practical Record Book and Viva Voce | 5 |
A. Fundamentals of Human Geography
Unit 1: Human Geography: Nature and Scope
Unit 2: People
Population-distribution,density and growth
Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change;
Age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition;
Human development - concept; selected indicators, international comparisons
Unit 3: Human Activities
Primary activities - concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities - some examples from selected countries.
Secondary activities-concept; manufacturing: types - household, small scale, large scale; agro based and mineral based industries; people engaged in secondary activities - some examples from selected countries.
Tertiary activities-concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities - some examples from selected countries.
Quatenary activities - concept; people engaged in quatenary activities - case study from selected countries.
Unit 4: Transport, Communication & Trade
Land transport - roads, railways; trans-continental railways.
Water transport - inland waterways; major ocean routes.
Air transport - Intercontinental air routes.
Oil and gas pipelines.
Satellite communication and cyber space- Importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS.
International trade-Bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade, role of WTO in International trade.
Ocean: National rights and international treaties.
Unit 5: Human settlements
Settlement types - rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries.
Map Work
Map Work on identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline/Physical/Political map of World.
B. India: People and Economy
Unit 6: People
Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of population - linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in growth of population.
Migration: international, national-causes and consequences.
Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns.
Population, environment and development.
Unit 7: Human Settlements
Rural settlements - types and distribution.
Urban settlements - types, distribution and functional classification.
Unit 8: Resources and Development
Land resources - general land use; agricultural land use, Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber), agricultural development and problems.
Water resources - availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods -rain water harvesting and watershed management.
Mineral and energy resources - distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation.
Industries - types, factors of industrial location; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries-iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge based industries; impact of liberalization, privatisation and globalisation on industrial location; industrial clusters.
Planning in India - target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study).
Unit 9: Transport, Communication and International Trade
Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks.
International trade - changing pattern of India's foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports.
Unit 10: Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems
Environmental pollution; urban - waste disposal.
Urbanisation, rural-urban migration; problems of slums.
Land degradation.
Map Work
Map work on locating and labelling of features based on above units on outline map of India.
C. Practical Work
- Unit 1: Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping
- Unit 2: Field study or Spatial Information Technology
- Unit 3: Practical Record Book and Viva Voce
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