Sociology Class 12 Syllabus

Exam Structure

Unit	Topic	Marks
A.	Indian Society	32
1	Introducing Indian Society (Non-evaluative)	-
2	Demographic Structure & Indian Society	6
3	Social Institutions-Continuity and change	6
4	Market as a Social Institution	6
5	Pattern of Social Inequality and Exclusion	6
6	Challenges of Cultural Diversity	8
7	Suggestions for Project Work (Non-evaluative)	-
B.	Change and Development in Indian Society	48
8	Structural Change	6
9	Cultural Change	6
10	The Story of Democracy	6
11	Change and Development in Rural Society	6
12	Change and Development in Industrial Society	6
13	Globalization and Social Change	6
14	Mass Media and Communications	6
15	Social Movements	6
	Total	80

A. INDIAN SOCIETY

Unit 1: Introducing Indian Society 

• Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community

Unit 2: Demographic Structure and Indian Society

• Theories and concepts in demography
• Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions

Unit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change

• Family and Kinship
• The Caste System

Unit 4: Market as a Social Institution

•  Sociological perspectives on markets and the economy.
• Globalization - Interlinking of Local, Regional, National and International Markets.

Unit 5: Pattern of Social Inquality and Exclusion

• Caste Prejudice, Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes
• Marginalization of Tribal Communities
• The Struggle for Women’s Equality
• The struggles of the Differently Abled

Unit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity

• Cultural communities and the nation state
• Problems of Communalism, Regionalism and Casteism
• The Nation state, religion related issues and identities
• Communalism, secularism and the nation state
• State and Civil Society

Unit 7: Suggestions for Project Work

B. CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Unit 8: Structural Change 

• Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization

Unit 9: Cultural Change 

• Modernization, Westernization, Sanskritisation, Secularization
• Social Reform Movements and Laws

Unit 10: The Story of Democracy 

• The Constitution as an instrument of Social Change
• Parties, Pressure Groups and Democratic Politics
• Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Social Transformation

Unit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society 

• Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian society
• Agrarian Structure : Caste & class in Rural India
• Land Reforms
• Green revolution and its social consequencess
• Transformation in Rural Society
• Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society

Unit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society 

• From Planned Industrialization to Liberalization
• Getting a Job
• Work Processes

Unit 13: Globalisation and Social Change

• Dimensions of Globalization

Unit 14: Mass Media and Communication

• Types of Mass Media: Radio, Television and Print Media
• Changing Nature of Mass Media

Unit 15: Social Movements 

• Theories and Classification of Social Movements
• Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants
• Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward Castes, Trends in Upper Caste Responses
• Women’s Movements in Independent India
• Tribal Movements
• Environmental Movements

Skill Subjects Class 12 Syllabus

In order to upgrade the skills and proficiency of the young generation and also to provide them awareness to explore about various career options the CBSE has started offering around 40 courses at Senior Secondary level. The skill education envisions imparting the procedural knowledge and skills to the students that will enable students to excel and emerge successful in real situation of both work and life.

It works towards imparting an education that is holistic, meaningful and skill oriented which instils among the youth a sense of usefulness and responsibility. You can choose either one or two or three skill subjects from skill electives. You have to choose other elective subjects from academic electives.

Syllabus for Skill Subjects for Class 12

• 801: Retail
• 802: Information Technology
• 803: Web Applications
• 804: Automotive
• 805: Financial Markets Management
• 806: Tourism
• 807: Beauty and Wellness
• 808: Agriculture
• 809: Food Production
• 810: Front Office Operations
• 811: Banking
• 812: Marketing
• 813: Health Care
• 814: Insurance
• 815: X-Ray Technician
• 816: Horticulture
• 817: Typography & Computer Application
• 818: Geospatial Technology
• 819: Electrical Technology
• 820: Electronics Technology
• 821: Media
• 822: Taxation
• 823: Cost Accounting
• 824: Office Procedures & Practices
• 825: Shorthand (English)
• 826: Shorthand (Hindi)
• 827: Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
• 828: Medical Diagnostics
• 829: Textile Design
• 830: Design
• 831: Salesmanship
• 832: Music Production
• 833: Business Administration
• 834: Food Nutrition & Dietetics
• 835: Mass Media Studies
• 836: Library & Information Science
• 837: Fashion Studies
• 838: Applied Physics
• 839: Applied Chemistry
• 840: Applied Mathematics
• 841: Yoga
• 842: Early Childhood Education

Psychology Class 12 Syllabus

Exam Structure

Unit	Topic	Marks
I	Variations in Psychological Attributes	9
II	Self and Personality	10
III	Meeting Life Challenges	7
IV	Psychological Disorders	10
V	Therapeutic Approaches	7
VI	Attitude and Social Cognition	8
VII	Social Influence and Group Processes	7
VIII	Psychology and Life	6
IX	Developing Psychological Skills	6
	Total	70

Unit-I: Variations in Psychological Attributes

1. Introduction
2. Individual Differences in Human Functioning
3. Assessment of Psychological Attributes
4. Intelligence
5. Theories of Intelligence
   1. Theory of Multiple Intelligences
   2. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
   3. Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous successive Model of Intelligence
6. Individual Differences in Intelligence
   1. Variations of Intelligence
7. Culture and Intelligence
8. Emotional Intelligence
9. Special Abilities
   1. Aptitude: Nature and Measurement
10. Creativity

Unit-II: Self and Personality

1. Introduction
2. Self and Personality
3. Concept of Self
4. Cognitive and Behavioural Aspects of Self
   1. Self-esteem, Self-efficacy and Self-regulation
5. Culture and Self
6. Concept of Personality
7. Major Approaches to the Study of Personality
   1. Type Approaches
   2. Trait Approaches
   3. Psychodynamic Approach
   4. Behavioural Approach
   5. Cultural Approach
   6. Humanistic Approach
8. Assessment of Personality
   1. Self-report Measures
   2. Projective Techniques
   3. Behavioural Analysis

Unit-III: Meeting Life Challenges

1. Introduction
2. Nature, Types and Sources of Stress
3. Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and Health
   1. Stress and Health
   2. General Adaptation Syndrome
   3. Stress and Immune System
   4. Lifestyle
4. Coping with Stress
   
   1. Stress Management Techniques
5. Promoting Positive Health and Well-being
   1. Life Skills

Unit-IV: Psychological Disorders

1. Introduction
2. Concepts of abnormality and psychological Disorders
3. Classification of Psychological Disorders
4. Factors Underlying Abnormal Behaviour
5. Major Psychological Disorders
   1. Anxiety Disorders
   2. Somatoform Disorders
   3. Dissociative Disorders
   4. Mood Disorders
   5. Schizophrenic Disorders
   6. Behavioural and Developmental Disorders
   7. Substance-use Disorders

Unit-V: Therapeutic Approaches

1. Nature and process of psychotherapy
   1. Therapeutic relationship
2. Types of therapies
   1. Psychodynamic Therapy
   2. Behaviour Therapy
   3. Cognitive Therapy
   4. Humanistic-existential Therapy
   5. Biomedical Therapy
   6. Alternative Therapies
3. Rehabilitation of the Mentally III

Unit-VI: Attitude And Social Cognition

1. Introduction
2. Explaining Social Behaviour
3. Nature and Components of Attitudes
4. Attitude Formation and Change
   1. Attitude Formation
   2. Attitude Change
   3. Attitude-Behaviour Relationship
5. Prejudice and Discrimination
6. Strategies for Handling Prejudice
7. Social Cognition
8. Schemas and Stereotypes
9. Impression Formation and Explaining
10. Behaviour of Others through Attributions
    1. Impression Formation
    2. Attribution of Causality
11. Behaviour in the Presence of Others
12. Pro-social Behaviour
    1. Factors Affecting Pro-social Behaviour

Unit-VII: Social Influence And Group Processes

1. Introduction
2. Nature and Formation of Groups
3. Type of Groups
4. Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour
   1. Social Loafing
   2. Group Polarisation
5. Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
6. Cooperation and Competition
   1. Determinants of Cooperation and Competition
7. Social Identity
8. Intergroup Conflict: Nature and Causes
9. Conflict Resolution Strategies

Unit-VIII: Psychology and Life

1. Introduction
2. Human-Environment Relationship
   1. Different Views of the Human-Environment Relationship
3. Environmental Effects on Human Behaviour
   1. Human Influence on the Environment
   2. Noise
   3. Pollution
   4. Crowding
   5. Natural Disasters
4. Promoting Pro-environmental Behaviour
5. Psychology and Social Concerns
   1. Poverty and Discrimination
   2. Aggression, Violence, and Peace
   3. Mahatma Gandhi on Non-violence
   4. Health
   5. Impact of Television on Behaviour

Unit-IX: Developing Psychological Skills

1. Introduction
2. Developing as an effective Psychologist
3. General Skills
4. Observational Skills
5. Specific Skills
   1. Communication Skills
   2. Psychological Testing Skills
6. Interviewing Skills
7. Counselling Skills

Political Science Class 12 Syllabus

Exam Structure

Part A: Contemporary World-Politics (50 Marks)

Unit	Topic	Marks
1	Cold War Era	14
2	The End of bipolarity
3	US Hegemony in World Politics	16
4	Alternative centres of Power
5	Contemporary South Asia
6	International Organizations	10
7	Security in Contemporary World
8	Environment and Natural Resources	10
9	Globalisation
	Total	50

Part B: Politics in India since Independence

Unit	Topic	Marks
10	Challenges of Nation-Building	16
11	Era of One-Party Dominance
12	Politics of Planned Development
13	India’s External Relations	6
14	Challenges to the Congress System	12
15	Crisis of the Democratic order
16	Rise of Popular Movements	16
17	Regional Aspirations
18	Recent Developments in Indian Politics
	Total	50

Part A: Contemporary World Politics

1. Cold War Era

Emergence of two power blocs after the second world war. Arenas of the cold war. Challenges to Bipolarity: Non Aligned Movement, quest for new international economic order. India and the cold war.

2. The End of Bipolarity

New entities in world politics: Russia, Balkan states and Central Asian states, Introduction of democratic politics and capitalism in post-communist regimes. India's relations with Russia and other post-communist countries.

3. US Hegemony in World Politics

Growth of unilateralism: Afghanistan, first Gulf War, response to 9/11 and attack on Iraq. Dominance and challenge to the US in economy and ideology. India's renegotiation of its relationship with the USA.

4. Alternative Centres of Power

Rise of China as an economic power in post-Maoera, creation and expansion of European Union, ASEAN. India's changing relations with China.

5. Contemporary South Asia in the Post-Cold War Era

Democratisation in Pakistan and Nepal. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka, Impact of economic globalization on the region. Conflicts and efforts for peace in South Asia. India's relations with its neighbours.

6. International Organizations

Restructuring and the future of the UN. India's position in the restructured UN. Rise of new international actors: new international economic organisations, NGOs. How democratic and accountable are the new institutions of global governance?

7. Security in Contemporary World

Traditional concerns of security and politics of disarmament. Non-traditional or human security: global poverty, health and education. Issues of human rights and migration.

8. Environment and Natural Resources

Environment movement and evolution of global environmental norms. Conflicts over traditional and common property resources. Rights of indigenous people. India's stand in global environmental debates.

9. Globalisation

Economic, cultural and political manifestations. Debates on the nature of consequences of globalisation. Anti-globalisation movements. India as an arena of globalization and struggle against it.

Part B: Politics in India since Independence

10. Challenges of Nation-Building

Nehru's approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition: challenge of 'refugee' resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Organisation and reorganization of states; Political conflicts over language.

11. Era of One-Party Dominance

First three general elections, nature of Congress dominance at the national level, uneven dominance at the state level, coalitional nature of Congress. Major opposition parties.

12. Politics of Planned Development

Five year plans, expansion of state sector and the rise of new economic interests. Famine and suspension of five year plans. Green revolution and its political fallouts.

13. India's External Relations

Nehru's foreign policy. Sino-Indian war of 1962, Indo-Pak war of 1965 and 1971. India's nuclear programme. Shifting alliance in world politics.

14. Challenges to the Congress System

Political succession after Nehru. Non-Congressism and electoral upset of 1967, Congress split and reconstitution, Congress' victory in 1971 elections, politics of 'garibi hatao'.

15. Crisis of the Democratic Order

Search for 'committed' bureaucracy and judiciary. Navnirman movement in Gujarat and the Bihar movement. Emergency: context, constitutional and extra-constitutional dimensions, resistance to emergency. 1977 elections and the formation of Janata Party. Rise of civil liberties organisations.

16. Popular Movements in India

Farmers' movements, Women's movement, Environment and Development-affected people's movements. Implementation of Mandal Commission report and its aftermath.

17. Regional Aspirations

Rise of regional parties. Punjab crisis and the anti Sikh riots of 1984. The Kashmir situation. Challenges and responses in the North East.

18. Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Participatory upsurge in1990s. Rise of the JD and the BJP. Increasing role of regional parties and coalition politics. Coalition governments: NDA (1998 - 2004), UPA (2004 - 2014), NDA (2014 onwards)

Prescribed Books:

1. Contemporary World Politics, Class XII, Published by NCERT
2. Politics in India since Independence, Class XII, Published by NCERT

Physics Class 12 Syllabus

Exam Structure

Unit	Chapter / Topic	Marks
I	Electrostatics	15
	Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields
	Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
II	Current Electricity
	Chapter-3: Current Electricity
III	Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism	16
	Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
	Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter
IV	Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current
	Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction
	Chapter-7: Alternating Current
V	Electromagnetic Waves	17
	Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves
VI	Optics
	Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
	Chapter-10: Wave Optics
VII	Dual Nature of Matter	10
	Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
VIII	Atoms & Nuclei
	Chapter-12: Atoms
	Chapter-13: Nuclei
IX	Electronic Devices	12
	Chapter-14:  Semiconductor  Electronics
X	Communication Systems
	Chapter-15: Communication Systems
	Total	70

Unit I: Electrostatics

Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. 

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.

Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

Unit II: Current Electricity

Chapter-3: Current Electricity

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell,combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids, Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. 

Self and mutual induction.

Chapter-7: Alternating Current

Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current. 

AC generator and transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic waves

Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves

Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics

Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray  Optics:: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Chapter-10: Wave Optics

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light Brewster's law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

Unit VIII: Atoms & Nuclei

Chapter-12: Atoms

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

Chapter-13: Nuclei

Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. 

Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices

Chapter-14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)

Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier;

Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics, zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration), basic idea of analog and digital signals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

Unit X: Communication Systems

Chapter-15: Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, satellite communication. Need for modulation, amplitude modulation.